Efficacy of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin on the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larvae and adults under laboratory conditions

The efficacy of a local isolate of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana was tested against the red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larvae and adults by direct spraying of the fungus conidiospores on the targeted stages under laboratory conditions. Larvae and adults were offered their natural food as tissue cuts from inside the same infested date palm trees from which they were collected. Six successive increased concentrations from 6 × 10² to 6 × 10⁷ spores/ml were tested. Results revealed that the maximum mortality rates for the treated larvae of 3rd instar_. Whatever the tested concentration was, the end mortality reached (100%). In case of the treated larvae of L_7, the mortality rate ranged between 45 and 75% with the remaining individuals survived and formed cocoons in which they all died in the pupal stage. Also, all treated adult weevils died showing that the highest tested concentrations of B. bassiana killed the weevils in a shorter time (7 days) than in the tested lower concentrations (11 days). Meanwhile, mortality rates in the control for L₃, L₇, and adult weevils were always (0.0%)._.

The red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) was recorded for the first time in Egypt by Saleh (1992) attacking the date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. at the eastern desert in the newly reclaimed land at Salhya region, Ismailia Governorate. Hallet et al. (1999) mentioned that transportation of infested young palm trees and offshoots introduced the weevil among other areas. For the same factor, the RPW was spread in many areas in Egypt through the last three decades causing destructive damage to date palm plantations. Falerio (2006) reported 17 palm species as hosts for this weevil in about 50% of the date palm growing countries. Generally, chemical insecticides with their known environmental hazards have been used for controlling the adult weevil on the palm tree trucks (Merghem 2011; Abbas 2013). Although sanitation measurements and elimination of infested trees are considered within the control strategies, other effective and environmentally safe control measurements and materials are urgently needed (Abraham et al., 2000). Weevil adult pheromone traps were widely used for monitoring and control of the RPW (Abraham et al., 1998 and 1999 and Falerio et al., 1998). The susceptibility of different stages of the RPW to infection with B. bassiana was studied under laboratory conditions by many authors (Aldossary et al., 2009; El Safty et al., 2009; and Dembilio et al., 2010). Field applications by dusting with B. bassiana conidiospores proved to be successful in controlling adults of the RPW (Sewify and Fouad, 2006; Sewify et al., 2009 and 2014; and El-Akad et al., 2016).

The present work aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a local isolate from the entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana against larvae and adults of the RPW under laboratory conditions.

Conidiospores production of B. bassiana

An isolate of the fungus B. bassiana isolated from a naturally infected mole cricket (Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa L.) (El Husseini et al. 2008) was cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium poured into sterilized Petri-dishes (12 cm in diameter). Inoculated Petri-dishes with a spore suspension of B. bassiana were incubated for 15 days at 25 °C. The produced areal conidiospores were harvested from the Petri-dishes by scraping with a spatula and suspended in distilled sterilized water with 0.02% Tween 80 as a wetting agent in the primary stock suspension, following Rombach et al. (1987). The spore count was determined by using a Neubauer Hemocytometer, and the stock was kept in the refrigerator till needed.

Larvae and adults of RPW

Larvae of the RPW were collected from three highly infested date palm trees that suddenly fell on the ground at the Experiment Station at the Faculty of Agriculture, Giza, Egypt, in 2017. A large number of adult weevils were present inside the fallen palm trees associated with many larvae in different instars and cocoons having pupae inside. Adult weevils and larvae were collected by hand and transferred in metal boxes to the laboratory at the Centre of Biological Control, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. Due to the great difference in size and age of the collected larvae, the selected ones were categorized in young (Y) (3rd instar L₃) and older (O) as full-grown larvae (7th instar L₇). Cut tissue pieces from the inside of the same fallen trees served as a food for both larvae and adults in the laboratory during the experimental period.

Efficacy of B. bassiana versus larvae of RPW

Six concentrations of (6 × 10², 6 × 10³, 6 × 10⁴, 6 × 10⁵, 6 × 10⁶, and 2 × 10⁷ spores/ml) were prepared in distilled water from the stock suspension (containing Tween 80) by successive dilutions. A fine perfume atomizer was used to spray the tested spore concentrations directly onto larvae of the two larval instars (L₃ and L₇). The larvae were treated in five replicates per concentration, each of 10 larvae; i.e., 300 young larvae (L₃) and 300 older larvae (L₇). After the dryness of the sprayed spore suspension, the treated larvae were transferred, using soft forceps into metal boxes (10 × 15 × 30 cm) with perforated metal cover and provided with cut tissues from date palm trees as food. A control was set of untreated larvae for each instar, i.e., 50 larvae for each and sprayed only with water containing 0.02% Tween 80. The boxes were kept under laboratory conditions of 25 °C and 50–60% RH. Inspection for larval mortality occurred daily for 20 days, and the larvae were provided with food. To prove death by B. bassiana, dead larvae were surface-sterilized for 2–3 s in formaldehyde and rinsed with sterilized distilled water under aseptic conditions. Thereafter, they were placed in sterilized Petri-dishes furnished with wet sterilized filter paper (Merghem, 2011). The Petri-dishes were kept in self-clip closing polyethylene bags to maintain relatively high humidity and kept at room temperature at 25 °C and 50–60% R.H. to allow the development of the fungus.

Efficacy of B. bassiana versus adults of RPW

Five concentrations of (6 × 10³, 6 × 10⁴, 6 × 10⁵, 6 × 10⁶, and 2 × 10⁷ spores/ml) were tested against the adults. The conidiospore suspensions were applied directly on the adult weevils in Petri-dishes as mentioned earlier. After the dryness of the sprayed suspension, the weevils were transferred into metal boxes (the same as in case of the larvae) and inspected daily among a period of 10 days to supply with food if needed and to record the mortality. The dead adult weevils were treated as that of the dead larvae to prove death by B. bassiana.

LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ were calculated, using the software “Ldp Line” software (Bakr, 2005).

Susceptibility of RPW larvae to B. bassiana

Results showed that the 3rd instar larvae of RPW were highly susceptible to B. bassiana as (100%) mortality was recorded on the 11th day post treatment for the concentrations (6 × 10² and 6 × 10³ spores/ml), on the 10th day for the concentrations (6 × 10⁴ and 6 × 10⁵ spores/ml), and on the 7th day post treatment for the concentrations (6 × 10⁶ and 6 × 10⁷ spores/ml) (Table 1). Calculated LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values were 3.9 × 10² (slope 0.436) and 3.7 × 10² spores/ml for larvae of L₃, respectively, based on mortality values at the 6th day post treatment. The older instars (L₇) showed mortality rates ranged between 45–46% for the concentrations 6 × 10² and 6 × 10³ spores/ml and 70–75% for the concentrations 6 × 10⁶ and 6 × 10⁷ spores/ml, respectively. The calculated LC₅₀ was 3.6 × 10² spores/ml (slope 0.160), and the LC₉₀ was 3.7 × 10³ spores/ml based on mortality values on the 12th day post treatment. Meanwhile, the survived treated larvae of (L₇) formed their cocoons and developed to pupae; but all pupae and newly formed adults died inside their cocoons with developed symptoms of the White Muscardine caused by infection with B. bassiana (Fig. 1). Accordingly, all treated RPW larvae (L₃ and L₇) were killed by all tested concentrations of B. bassiana conidiospores. The results revealed a shorter time to kill the young larvae by increasing the fungus concentration from 11 days (6 × 10² spores/ml) to 7 days (6 × 10⁷ spores/ml). The present findings are in line with those of Gindin et al. (2006) and Merghem (2011).

Dead pupa of RPW R. ferrugineus inside cocoon with developed mycosis after treatment with B. bassiana conidiospores in the larval stage

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Susceptibility of RPW adults to B. bassiana

Adults of RPW were found to be highly susceptible to infection with B. bassiana (Table 2). All treated adult weevils were killed (100% mortality) on the 10th, 9th, 8th, and 7th days post treatment at the concentrations (6 × 10³, 6 × 10⁴, 6 × 10⁵, 6 × 10⁶, and 6 × 10⁷ spores/ml), respectively. The calculated LC₅₀ was 5.8 × 10¹ (slope 0.328) and the LC₉₀ was 4.7 × 10³ spores/ml. All dead adult weevils were kept for proving death with B. bassiana developed the typical symptom of the White Muscardine. The present results are generally common for EPF against different insect species recorded by many authors, e.g., De la Rosa et al. (2000), Cruz et al. (2005), Ferron (2015), and Jayaprakash and Saranraj (2017). Such high susceptibility of both RPW larvae and adults to the infection with B. bassiana may explain the successful field control trials of RPW with B. bassiana and also with Metarhizium anisopliae in Egypt and other countries (Merghem 2011 and Abbas 2013).

Treatment of adults and larvae of the red palm weevil (RPW) R. ferrugineus with the conidiospores of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana resulted in a reasonable mortality among larvae and 100% mortality in contaminated adults. The obtained results confirmed the possibility of using this fungus at least in controlling adults of the RPW by contamination with the conidia of the fungus. In nature, contamination of insects with fungi occurs by contacting the conidiospores of the fungus. This could be reached by dusting the palm trees with the conidia of the fungus to spread the disease among the weevil adults and later to their progeny inside the host palm.

All data are available in the manuscript, and the materials used in this work are of high transparency and grade.

O:

7th instar larvae (old)

RPW:

Red Palm Weevil

Y:

3rd instar larvae (young)

Not applicable

Funding

This work was not supported by any funding body, but personally financed.

Affiliations

1. Centre of Biological Control, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
   • Monir M. El Husseini

Contributions

I have written, read, and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Monir M. El Husseini.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Approved.

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Applicable.

Competing interests

The author declares that he has no competing interests.

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