Catalog of the Calliphoridae, Rhiniidae, and Sarcophagidae of Egypt (Diptera: Oestroidea)

Oestroidea is a diverse superfamily of flies with a variety of feeding habits, mostly saprophages (e.g., majority of species of the genus Sarcophaga, Sarcophagidae), internal parasites of mammals (e.g., Oestridae), parasitoids (e.g., the genus Blaesoxipha, Sarcophagidae; the genus Pollenia, Calliphoridae), and predators (e.g., the genus Stomorhina, Rhiniidae). In the present study, an updated catalog of the superfamily Oestroidea recorded from Egypt is presented. The catalog covers the following families: Calliphoridae, Rhiniidae, and Sarcophagidae. A total of 126 oestroid species belonging to 31 genera, 7 subfamilies, and 3 families are treated. The treated families are Calliphoridae (8 species representing 5 genera), Rhiniidae (10 species representing 3 genera), and Sarcophagidae (108 species representing 23 genera). Synonymies, type localities, world distributions by biogeographic realm(s) and country, Egyptian localities, and dates of collection for all treated species are provided.

regulating populations of potential pest species. On the other hand, some species breed in mammalian carrion, and may attack necrotic tissues in vertebrate wounds causing secondary and tertiary myiasis that already initiated by other species, while others may cause obligate primary myiasis of healthy tissue (Ferrar 1987). Internal myiases are also often associated with bot and warble flies of the family Oestridae (Zumpt 1965).
Many species are of potential forensic importance as well, as they attract to and possibly feed on decomposing vertebrate carcasses, including human corpses (Catts and Goff 1992;Greenberg and Kunich 2002;Byrd and Castner 2010).
All extant oestroid families, except Mystacinobiidae, have been represented in Egypt. Only three out of these families are treated in the current catalog, namely Calliphoridae, Rhiniidae, and Sarcophagidae, while the rest three families are planned to be cataloged later.
No comprehensive taxonomic studies on the superfamily Oestroidea have been carried out in Egypt before. Only some miscellaneous studies were published on the family Calliphoridae (including Rhiniidae) (Shaumar et al. 1989), on the family Sarcophagidae (Salem 1935(Salem , 1936(Salem , 1938a(Salem , 1938b(Salem , 1938c(Salem , 1940Shaumar and Kamal 1984;El-Ahmady et al. 2015;El-Ahmady et al. 2018). Majority of these studies are considered to be outdated. Steyskal and El-Bialy (1967) listed the Egyptian species of dipterous families including those of the superfamily Oestroidea based on literature and specimens deposited in the main Egyptian insect collections. However, despite its importance, the list included only the names of families and their species ordered alphabetically without referring to their suprageneric systematics or to other important data such as original descriptions, type localities, synonymies, distribution, etc. All these deficiencies have been perfected in the present catalog.

Material and methods
Data for the present study have been compiled from specimens collected from different Egyptian localities by the authors and their coworkers, in addition to specimens preserved in the main Egyptian insect collections. A great deal of information is taken also from relevant literature and website databases (Pape 2017;Pape and Thompson 2017).

Scope
This catalog treats all names of taxa, whether taxonomically valid or invalid, of the families Calliphoridae, Rhiniidae, and Sarcophagidae (superfamily: Oestroidea) recorded from Egypt.

Arrangement of taxa
All taxa are arranged alphabetically. Synonyms of species including all available and unavailable names are chronologically listed. The most important synonyms of genera are listed as well. Only important variant spellings (termed "incorrect spelling" or "misspelling") are listed at the end of the synonyms, especially those mentioned in Egyptian studies.

Typographical treatment of names
Family-group and Genus-group headings are left-justified and written in bold uppercase letters. Species-group headings are left-justified and written in bold italicized lowercase letters except the first letter which is written in uppercase. Authorship of genera, subgenera, and species are written in regular lowercase letters except the first letter which is written in uppercase. Taxonomically valid genus-group names (senior synonyms) are listed again in bold italicized lowercase letters (except the first uppercase letter) and left-justified under the headings followed by the reference including author, year, and pages. Type species are given after the reference line, followed by method of their fixation. Also, taxonomically valid species-group names combined with their original genera (senior synonyms) are listed again in regular italicized lower case letters (except the first uppercase letter) and left-justified under the headings followed by the reference including author, year, pages, and type locality.
For each genus and species-group name, associated synonyms are listed in a chronological order. They are written in regular italicized lowercase letters (except the first uppercase letter), followed by the reference and other data as in senior taxa.

Type localities
The type locality is given after the reference of each species-group taxon. Countries and islands of type localities are usually broken down to states, provinces, archipelagos, ecological zones, towns, and villages. These "sublocalities" are placed in parentheses after the main locality, e.g., "Egypt (Sinai)." The sublocalities may be more broken down to "smaller sublocalities." These "smaller sublocalities" are written after a colon following the sublocality, e.g., "Egypt (Gebel Elba: Wadi Edeib)."

Egyptian localities and dates of collection
Ecologists divide Egypt into eight ecological zones, namely Coastal Strip, Lower Nile Valley and Delta, Upper Nile Valley, Fayoum, Eastern Desert, Western Desert, Sinai, and Gebel Elba (Fig. 1). All these zones but one have greater affiliation to the Palaearctic Region, whereas the Gebel Elba ecological zone, the southeastern triangle of Egypt, has greater affiliation to the Afrotropical Region (El-Hawagry and Gilbert 2014). In the present catalog, the Egyptian localities and dates of collection are given for each species to map a picture for the distribution and activity periods of flies in the different ecological zones of Egypt. Localities within each ecological zone are arranged alphabetically and written after a colon following the ecological zone, e.g., "Coastal Strip: Alexandria, Mariout, Matrouh." Data from specimens preserved in the Egyptian insect collections and literature records, in addition to specimens collected from different Egyptian localities by the first author and his coworkers, are the main sources for this part of the catalog (Additional file 1).
If the Egyptian localities or dates of collection were not known from the literature or from the specimens deposited in the collections or collected by the author, the term "Unknown" is used.

Conclusion
For this catalog, oestroid specimens collected from different Egyptian localities by the authors and their coworkers, in addition to specimens preserved in the main Egyptian insect collections, were checked. A great deal of information was also taken from relevant literature and website databases.
As a final conclusion, this catalog treated a total of 126 oestroid species belonging to 3 families in Egypt. The treated taxa can be summarized in the following