Table 1 Parameters and equations in the life table analysis (Chi et al. 2022; Wei et al. 2020)

\({s}_{xj}=\frac{{n}_{xj}}{{n}_{01}}\)

Sxj: The age-stage-specific survival rate

\({l}_{x}={\sum }_{j=1}^{m}{s}_{xj}\)

l_x: the age-specific survival rate

\({m}_{x}=\left({\sum }_{j=1}^{m}{s}_{xj}/{f}_{xj}\right)/{\sum }_{j=1}^{m}{s}_{xj}\)

m_x: age-specific fecundity

\({R}_{0}={\sum }_{X=0}^{\infty }{\sum }_{j=1}^{m}{s}_{xj}{f}_{xj}={\sum }_{X=0}^{\infty }{l}_{x}{m}_{x}\)

R₀: The net reproduction rate

\(T=(\mathrm{ln}{R}_{0})/r\)

T: Mean generation time

\(\lambda ={e}^{r}\)

λ: finite rate of increase, r: the intrinsic rate of increase