Endophytic establishment of native Bacillus thuringiensis strain in maize plants and its efficacy against Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Karshanal, J.; Kalia, Vinay K.

doi:10.1186/s41938-023-00726-8

Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control

Table 1 Mean colony-forming unit per gram of leaf in different maize cultivars with respect to different inoculation methods at different days after inoculation

From: Endophytic establishment of native Bacillus thuringiensis strain in maize plants and its efficacy against Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Maize Varieties	Inoculation Method	Mean cfu/g of leaf ± SEM
Maize Varieties	Inoculation Method	7 DAI	14 DAI	21 DAI	28 DAI	35 DAI
DMRH 1301	Control	0.00 ± 0.00^h	0.00 ± 0.00^h	0.00 ± 0.00^j	0.00 ± 0.00^j	0.00 ± 0.00ⁱ
	ST*	2.33 ± 0.88 × 10^4fgh	9.00 ± 1.73 × 10^4defg	2.13 ± 3.18 × 10^5 g	1.5 ± 2.08 × 10^5efg	9.33 ± 1.20 × 10^4efghi
	FA	1.00 ± 0.58 × 10^4gh	8.33 ± 1.86 × 10^4defg	1.76 ± 2.60 × 10^5gh	9.00 ± 1.53 × 10^4fghij	8.33 ± 0.67 × 10^4efghi
	SD	0.00 ± 0.00^h	1.33 ± 0.33 × 10^4gh	3.00 ± 0.58 × 10^4j	2.00 ± 0.58 × 10^4j	2.67 ± 0.67 × 10^4hi
	ST + FA + SD	2.67 ± 0.88 × 10^4fgh	1.13 ± 0.88 × 10^5ed	2.20 ± 2.52 × 10^5 g	1.60 ± 1.00 × 10^5ef	1.37 ± 1.20 × 10^4defg
Pusa HQPM 5 improved	Control	0.00 ± 0.00^h	0.00 ± 0.00^h	0.00 ± 0.00^j	0.00 ± 0.00^j	0.00 ± 0.00ⁱ
	ST*	6.67 ± 2.23 × 10^4bdec	2.73 ± 2.33 × 10^5b	4.03 ± 2.73 × 10^5de	2.87 ± 1.86 × 10^4d	1.47 ± 1.45 × 10^4def
	FA	4.00 ± 1.15 × 10^4efg	1.23 ± 3.76 × 10^5ed	2.70 ± 3.46 × 10^5 fg	2.07 ± 4.84 × 10^5ed	9.67 ± 0.88 × 10^4efghi
	SD	0.00 ± 0.00^h	2.67 ± 0.33 × 10^4fgh	4.33 ± 1.45 × 10^4ij	3.33 ± 0.88 × 10^4ij	3.33 ± 0.33 × 10^4ghi
	ST + FA + SD	6.33 ± 2.19 × 10^4cde	2.83 ± 2.19 × 10^5b	3.60 ± 3.06 × 10^5ef	2.93 ± 2.40 × 10^5d	2.13 ± 1.45 × 10^4d
Pusa HQPM 7 improved	Control	0.00 ± 0.00^h	0.00 ± 0.00^h	0.00 ± 0.00^j	0.00 ± 0.00^j	0.00 ± 0.00ⁱ
	ST*	4.00 ± 1.53 × 10^4efg	9.67 ± 1.20 × 10^4def	7.43 ± 7.31 × 10^5b	6.37 ± 5.55 × 10^5b	6.30 ± 7.94 × 10^4b
	FA	1.67 ± 0.33 × 10^4gh	8.67 ± 0.88 × 10^4defg	4.83 ± 3.53 × 10^5 cd	4.00 ± 2.52 × 10^5c	4.43 ± 2.19 × 10^5c
	SD	0.00 ± 0.00^h	2.67 ± 0.67 × 10^4fgh	8.67 ± 0.88 × 10^4hij	6.00 ± 1.15 × 10^4hij	6.00 ± 1.53 × 10^4efghi
	ST + FA + SD	9.67 ± 1.45 × 10^4ab	2.30 ± 5.57 × 10^5bc	5.50 ± 4.58 × 10^5c	5.57 ± 5.70 × 10^5b	5.23 ± 5.36 × 10^5c
Pusa Jawahar Hybrid Maize 1	Control	0.00 ± 0.00^h	0.00 ± 0.00^h	0.00 ± 0.00^j	0.00 ± 0.00^j	0.00 ± 0.00ⁱ
	ST*	1.33 ± 0.88 × 10^4gh	4.67 ± 1.45 × 10^4efgh	2.20 ± 4.04 × 10^4 g	1.60 ± 2.08 × 10^4ef	1.50 ± 1.15 × 10^5ed
	FA	2.00 ± 1.15 × 10^4fgh	7.33 ± 1.20 × 10^4defgh	1.57 ± 3.18 × 10^4ghi	1.20 ± 1.73 × 10^4efghi	1.07 ± 1.20 × 10^4efgh
	SD	0.33 ± 0.33 × 10^4 g	2.33 ± 0.88 × 10^4fgh	4.67 ± 0.88 × 10^4ij	4.67 ± 0.33 × 10^4hij	4.33 ± 0.67 × 10^4fghi
	ST + FA + SD	5.33 ± 1.86 × 10^4def	1.30 ± 2.65 × 10^5d	1.53 ± 2.60 × 10^4ghi	1.40 ± 2.31 × 10^4efgh	1.43 ± 1.20 × 10^5def
Pusa Vivek Hybrid 27 improved	Control	0.00 ± 0.00^h	0.00 ± 0.00^h	0.00 ± 0.00^j	0.00 ± 0.00^j	0.00 ± 0.00ⁱ
	ST*	9.00 ± 1.15 × 10^4abc	6.63 ± 6.33 × 10^5a	1.11 ± 7.51 × 10^6a	1.02 ± 7.26 × 10^6a	1.02 ± 6.89 × 10^6a
	FA	8.00 ± 0.58 × 10^4abcd	2.00 ± 3.06 × 10^5c	4.63 ± 3.53 × 10^5cde	4.43 ± 2.85 × 10^5c	4.57 ± 8.29 × 10^5c
	SD	1.67 ± 0.88 × 10^4 g	3.33 ± 0.88 × 10^4fgh	9.33 ± 0.88 × 10^4hij	9.67 ± 1.45 × 10^4fghij	7.67 ± 1.45 × 10^4efghi
	ST + FA + SD	1.00 ± 1.15 × 10^5a	6.33 ± 3.84 × 10^4a	1.11 ± 8.84 × 10^4a	1.04 ± 6.23 × 10^6a	1.07 ± 3.48 × 10^6a
F value		10.53	55.41	78.88	97.65	94.62
P value		< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001

Means within a column followed by the same letters are not significantly different;
ST- Seed Treatment, FA- Foliar Application, SD- Soil Drenching, SEM- standard error of the mean;
ST*- Mean cfu (10⁴)/g of leaf after DAE (Days after emergence); and DAI- Days after inoculation

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