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Table 4 Infection and reinfection effects of Empoasca flavescens in 3 years (outdoors)

From: Biological control of the small leafhopper, Empoasca flavescens F. (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) using the entomopathogenic fungus, Verticillium lecanii

Date of investigation (per one leaf)

30.06.2017

30.06.2018

30.06. 2019

Control

 Number of dead imagoes

0

0

0

 Lethality rate by infection

0

0

0

Test (sprayed by V. lecanii)

 Number of dead imagoes

6.43 ± 0.31

6.76 ± 0.42

6.82 ± 0.44

 Lethality rate by infection

53.6

56.4

56.8

Date of investigation (per one leaf)

30.08.2017

30.08.2018

30.08.2019

Control

 Number of dead imagoes

0.04 ± 0.003

0.06 ± 0.004

0.07 ± 0.006

 Lethality rate by infection

0.3

4.6

5.3

Test (sprayed by V. lecanii)

 Number of dead imagoes

1.45 ± 0.12*

8.06 ± 0.32*

10.7 ± 0.92*

 Lethality rate by infection

12.1*

67.2*

89.5*

  1. Temperature 23 ± 1 °C, Relative humidity (RH) 85 ± 5%, Spore density of V. lecanii: 1.25 × 108 spores/ml, P < 0.05
  2. *indicates the difference between values, in a word, the values have significant to be measured and used for research