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Table 1 Developmental time (days ± SE) of Harmonia axyridis cannibals when feeding on artificial diets

From: Far-reaching benefits of the consumption of conspecific eggs by neonate larvae of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): a case study on an artificial diet

 

Control

Yng-1

Yng-2

Yng-3

Mid-1

Mid-2

Mid-3

Old-1

Old-2

Old-3

2nd–3rd instar

4.4 ± 0.2

2.3 ± 0.1*

2.1 ± 0.1*

2.6 ± 0.1*

2.2 ± 0.1*

2.1 ± 0.1*

2.3 ± 0.1*

2.3 ± 0.1*

2.1 ± 0.1*

2.4 ± 0.1*

3rd–4th instar

5.8 ± 0.2

5.1 ± 0.2*

5.7 ± 0.3 ns

5.5 ± 0.2 ns

4.8 ± 0.2*

5.5 ± 0.2 ns

5.0 ± 0.2*

4.8 ± 0.2*

4.7 ± 0.2*

4.9 ± 0.2*

4th instar-pupa

13.8 ± 0.5

11.3 ± 0.6*

12.0 ± 0.6*

12.9 ± 1.0 ns

10.1 ± 0.5*

11.0 ± 0.4*

11.4 ± 0.5*

11.0 ± 0.5*

12.7 ± 0.9 ns

10.2 ± 0.4*

Pupa-adult

5.3 ± 0.3

5.6 ± 0.2 ns

5.4 ± 0.1 ns

5.3 ± 0.2 ns

5.4 ± 0.2 ns

6.2 ± 0.3 ns

5.3 ± 0.2 ns

5.5 ± 0.1 ns

5.3 ± 0.1 ns

5.8 ± 0.2 ns

2nd–4th instar

10.2 ± 0.3

7.5 ± 0.2*

7.8 ± 0.3*

8.0 ± 0.2*

7.1 ± 0.2*

7.4 ± 0.3*

7.2 ± 0.2*

7.1 ± 0.2*

6.8 ± 0.2*

7.3 ± 0.2*

2nd instar-adult

27.8 ± 0.9

23.9 ± 0.8*

23.9 ± 0.5*

23.4 ± 0.6*

22.7 ± 0.5*

24.6 ± 0.7*

23.2 ± 0.6*

23.3 ± 0.4*

23.0 ± 0.7*

23.0 ± 0.5*

  1. Asterisk in each row indicates a significant difference between the cannibal beetles and the control beetles (p < 0.05), while ns means non-significant difference (p > 0.05)