Biological characteristics and parasitization potential of Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on the whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), a pest of greenhouse crops in north-western Indian Himalayas

Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control

Table 10 Parasitization by E. formosa in different host–parasitoid proportions

Host-to-parasitoid ratio*	Parasitization (%)		Parasitoid emergence from mummified nymphs (%)
Host-to-parasitoid ratio*	Mean ± SE	Range	Parasitoid emergence from mummified nymphs (%)
5:1	80.0 ± 14.4^b	60.0–100.0	100.0^a
10:1	84.0 ± 11.6^ab	70.0–100.0	100.0^a
20:1	95.0 ± 3.6^a	90.0–100.0	100.0^a
40:1	90.0 ± 4.8^ab	85.0–97.5	100.0^a
80:1	61.2 ± 3.2^c	56.3–65.0	100.0^a
LSD_(P=0.05)	11.41		NS
F_{4, 24}	11.28		–
P value	< 0.001		–

*III instar nymphs of T. vaporariorum raised on French bean plants
Mean values within the columns bearing the same letters are not significantly different-LSD_(P=0.05)