Age and stage-specific life table parameters of Harmonia dimidiata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) fed on Rhopalosiphum padi (Hemiptera: Aphididae) at different temperatures

Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control

Table 5 Estimated life table parameters of H. dimidiata, fed on R. padi aphids at four constant temperatures

Life table parameters	Temperatures
Life table parameters	16 ± 1 °C	20 ± 1 °C	24 ± 1 °C	28 ± 1 °C
Gross reproductive rate, GRR	128.57 ± 2.03c	203.0 ± 3.24b	215.87 ± 2.18a	82.75 ± 1.83d
Net reproductive rate, R_o	20.07 ± 0.82c	51.37 ± 1.52b	66.95 ± 0.95a	14.54 ± 1.53c
Approximate generation time, T_c	89.01 ± 1.34ba	63.54 ± 2.12b	56.21 ± 1.24c	36.66 ± 0.97d
Innate capacity for increase, r_c	0.0337 ± 2.67d	0.0377 ± 2.18c	0.0772 ± 4.22a	0.0731 ± 3.98b
Intrinsic rate of natural increase, r_m	0.03 ± 0.01c	0.06 ± 0.01b	0.07 ± 0.01a	0.07 ± 0.01a
Finite rate of increase, λ	1.0309 ± 5.15c	1.0620 ± 3.78b	1.0730 ± 1.89a	1.0730 ± 4.23a
Mean generation time, T	99.97 ± 2.32a	65.66 ± 0.97b	60.06 ± 1.25b	38.24 ± 1.41c
Doubling time, DT	20.575 ± 1.33a	11.014 ± 0.49b	9.263 ± 0.35b	9.487 ± 0.50b

Means within the rows with different lowercase letters are significantly different from each other at P value ≤ 0.05 (two-way ANOVA) using Tukey-HSD test