Table 2 Mycotoxins produced by fungi that cause postharvest diseases on citrus and subtropical fruits and their effects
Pathogen | Mycotoxin | Effects | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Mycotoxin | References | Effects on humans | References | |
Fusarium sp. | Deoxynivalenol, T2 toxin, zearalenone, moniliformin, Fumonisin | Rahayu (2006) | Acute temporary nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, dizziness, and fever | Sobrova et al. (2010) |
Aspergillus terreus | Citreoviridin, terreic acid, patulin | Rahayu (2006) | Aspergillosis, respiratory and circulatory failure, paralysis, seizures and death | Lass-Florl et al. (2005) |
Aspergillus sp. | Aflatoxins, kojic acid, aspergillic acid, cyclopiazonic acid, patulin, stereoviridin, fumigatin, ochratoxins, sterigmatocystin, viriditoxin, citrinin, palmotoxin, rubratoxin | Rahayu (2006) | Carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressive for humans | Lanier et al. (2020) |
Penicillium sp. | Patulin, ochratoxin, citrinin, luteoskirin, tremorgenic, rubratoxin, mycophenolate, griseofulvin, phenytoin, colonic acid | Rahayu (2006) | Plasma membrane disruption; protein synthesis inhibition; Na+-coupled inhibition; amino acid transport, transcription and translation disorders; DNA synthesis inhibition; and inhibition in the production of interferon γ type 1 T-helper cells | |
Alternaria sp. | Tenuazonic acid | Rahayu (2006) | Causing Onyalai disease, causing chronic and acute effects by inhibiting anti-tumor, antiviral, antibacterial activities, and causing mutagenic activities | Zain (2011) |