Fig. 3

qPCR analysis: Relative fold change expression of Cad (cadherin), ALP (alkaline phosphatase), APN (aminopeptidase N), Try (trypsin) and CYP (cytochrome P450) in midgut of susceptible (Sus.), and Cry1C -tolerant (Tol.) strain of Spodoptera littoralis. Asterisks indicate significant difference (P < 0.05). Bars represent standard error