From: Botanical biopesticide combination concept—a viable option for pest management in organic farming
Combination | Pest targeted | Effect | Source |
---|---|---|---|
P. fumosoroseus + azadirachtin | Whitefly (laboratory bioassay) | 20% extra nymphal mortality is observed, but azadirachtin has an inhibitory effect on fungi | James (2003) |
B. bassiana + Neemix (4.5% azadirachtin) | Tribolium castaneum | Delays pupation but reduces mortality of pest | Akbar et al. (2005) |
P.lilacinus + neem cake/Tagetus erecta extract | Meloidogyne incognita | Reduced root gall index from 5 to 1 | Sundraraju and Kiruthika (2009) |
B. bassiana + Citrus vulgaris essential oil | Ephestia kuehniella | Highest synergism ratio of 1:20 | Shakarami et al. (2015) |
L. muscarium (0.8 × 108 conidia/mL) + matrine (0.75 mg/L) | Bemisia tabaci | 98.31% mortality | Ali et al. (2017) |
B. bassiana + eucalyptus extract | Sitobion avenae | Mortality rate (87%), the lowest fecundity (7 nymphs per female) was recorded | Ali et al. (2018) |
M.anisopliae (1 × 106 CFU mL−1 or 1 × 108 CFU mL−1) + pyrethrum (10 ppm) | Bean aphid, Aphis fabae | At 1 × 106 CFU mL−1 survival was reduced by 29.2 h through addition of pyrethrum (from 67.3 h to 35.3 h), and by 10 h at 1 × 108 CFU mL−1 | Fernández-Grandon et al. (2020) |