Temperature (°C) | Incubation period | Larval instars | Total larva period | Pupal period | Total immature stages | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L1 | L2 | L3 | |||||
15 | 12.494 ± 0.027f (n = 354) | 10.936 ± 0.034e (n = 233) | 9.801 ± 0.034f (n = 231) | 10.414 ± 0.037e (n = 215) | 31.129 ± 0.045f (n = 140) | 36.129 ± 0.047f (n = 140) | 79.714 ± 0.052f (n = 140) |
20 | 6.208 ± 0.390e (n = 197) | 5.117 ± 0.028d (n = 145) | 4.062 ± 0.034e (n = 144) | 4.446 ± 0.045d (n = 139) | 13.556 ± 0.050e (n = 123) | 14.691 ± 0.052e (n = 123) | 34.431 ± 0.060e (n = 123) |
25 | 4.050 ± 0.020d (n = 120) | 3.239 ± 0.046c (n = 88) | 2.771 ± 0.046d (n = 83) | 2.671 ± 0.065c (n = 82) | 8.629 ± 0.058d (n = 70) | 9.800 ± 0.048d (n = 70) | 22.443 ± 0.069d (n = 70) |
27 | 3.448 ± 0.046c (n = 116) | 2.907 ± 0.031b (n = 86) | 2.167 ± 0.041c (n = 84) | 2.200 ± 0.045b (n = 80) | 7.303 ± 0.065c (n = 76) | 8.079 ± 0.052c (n = 76) | 18.618 ± 0.070c (n = 76) |
30 | 3.000 ± 0.000a (n = 152) | 2.785 ± 0.036a (n = 131) | 1.597 ± 0.043a (n = 131) | 1.961 ± 0.052a (n = 131) | 6.297 ± 0.045a (n = 111) | 6.432 ± 0.049a (n = 111) | 15.730 ± 0.057a (n = 111) |
32 | 3.224 ± 0.032b (n = 174) | 2.819 ± 0.038ab (n = 105) | 1.905 ± 0.029b (n = 105) | 2.171 ± 0.037b (n = 105) | 6.835 ± 0.041b (n = 84) | 6.821 ± 0.049b (n = 84) | 16.845 ± 0.040b (n = 84) |