|
Insecticide
|
Rate (g kg−1)
|
Mean mortality (% ± SE) after exposure to 5 grain species
|
|---|
|
Wheat
|
Barley
|
Rye
|
Oats
|
Triticale
|
|---|
|
After 7 days of exposure
|
|
Abamectin
|
0.25
|
19.0 ± 0.3b*
|
6.5 ± 0.2b
|
6.5 ± 0.3b
|
26.5 ± 0.3a
|
12.0 ± 0.2b
|
|
0.5
|
22.0 ± 0.3b
|
23.5 ± 0.2a
|
7.5 ± 0.3b
|
24.0 ± 0.2a
|
14.5 ± 0.2b
|
|
1.0
|
56.5 ± 0.3a
|
30.5 ± 0.3a
|
27.5 ± 0.3a
|
28.5 ± 0.3a
|
26.5 ± 0.2a
|
|
Infested sample
|
0
|
2.0 ± 0.1c
|
1.0 ± 0.1b
|
2.0 ± 0.1b
|
1.0 ± 0.1b
|
3.0 ± 0.1c
|
|
F
| |
52.19
|
22.68
|
14.95
|
22.30
|
32.61
|
|
P
| |
< 0.05
|
< 0.05
|
< 0.05
|
< 0.05
|
< 0.05
|
|
After 14 days of exposure
|
|
Abamectin
|
0.25
|
68.5 ± 0.4b
|
54.0 ± 0.4b
|
61.0 ± 0.4a
|
87.5 ± 0.3a
|
63.5 ± 0.2b
|
|
0.5
|
67.0 ± 0.4b
|
58.5 ± 0.3b
|
66.5 ± 0.3a
|
89.0 ± 0.2a
|
61.0 ± 0.3b
|
|
1.0
|
85.0 ± 0.2a
|
78.50 ± 0.4a
|
81.0 ± 0.3a
|
96.5 ± 0.2a
|
79.0 ± 0.3a
|
|
Infested sample
|
0
|
2.0 ± 0.1c
|
1.0 ± 0.1c
|
2.0 ± 0.1b
|
1.0 ± 0.1b
|
3.0 ± 0.1c
|
|
F
| |
113.21
|
27.89
|
25.41
|
41.96
|
36.76
|
|
P
| |
< 0.05
|
< 0.05
|
< 0.05
|
< 0.05
|
< 0.05
|
|
After 21 days of exposure
|
|
Abamectin
|
0.25
|
100.0 ± 0.0a
|
99.0 ± 0.1a
|
98.5 ± 0.2a
|
99.5 ± 0.1a
|
96.5 ± 0.2a
|
|
0.5
|
100.0 ± 0.0a
|
100.0 ± 0.0a
|
99.0 ± 0.1a
|
100.0 ± 0.0a
|
99.0 ± 0.1a
|
|
1.0
|
100.0 ± 0.0a
|
100.0 ± 0.0a
|
100.0 ± 0.0a
|
100.0 ± 0.0a
|
100.0 ± 0.0a
|
|
Infested sample
|
0
|
2.0 ± 0.1b
|
1.0 ± 0.1b
|
3.0 ± 0.1b
|
1.0 ± 0.1b
|
3.0 ± 0.1b
|
|
F
| |
53.66
|
49.71
|
43.55
|
51.10
|
41.63
|
|
P
| |
< 0.05
|
< 0.05
|
< 0.05
|
< 0.05
|
< 0.05
|
- *For each exposure period separately, means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different. Tukey-Kramer (HSD) test at P > 0.05; in all cases df = 8, 70; P < 0.05
