Biological control agents in the integrated nematode management of pepper in Egypt

Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control

Table 1 Key commercially available bionematicides and chemical nematicides, their applications rates, and prices in Egypt

Active ingredient	Product name	Application rate (product/Feddan⁻¹)⁺	Price per Feddan
Abamectin produced during the fermentation process of Streptomyces avermitilis (soluble concentrate at 20 g/l)	Tervigo 2% SC	2.5 l/feddan	L.E. 2000
10⁹ CFU/ml of Serratia sp., Pseudomonas sp., Azotobacter sp., Bacillus circulans, and B. thuringiensis	Micronema	30 l/feddan (thrice)/year	L.E. 600
10⁸ units/ml Purpureocillium lilacinus	Bionematon	2 l/feddan/year	L.E. 500
10⁹ bacterium cells of Serratia marcescens /ml water	Nemaless	10 l/feddan (thrice)/year	L.E. 600
Cadusafos (O-ethyl S,S-bis (1-methylpropyl) phosphorodithioate)	Rugby 10 G	24 Kg/feddan	L.E. 6480
Oxamyl (methyl 2-(dimethylamino)-N-(methylcarbamoyloxy)-2oxoethanimidothioate)	Vydate 24% SL	4 l/feddan (twice)/year	L.E. 2800

There are broad host range claims by the manufacturer’s product labels which have not necessarily been confirmed in independent trials
+Figures given for comparative purposes when products are uniformly applied to the soil (except oxamyl for foliar application too). For some products and other, including low-value, crops, product may be incorporated into field soil, potting mix, or applied in greenhouses for which different rates apply (Wilson and Jackson 2013; Hammam et al. 2016; Abd-Elgawad 2020a)