Table 2 Mean pupation (%±SE) of second and fourth larval instars of Spodoptera litura from three different field populations treated with nucleopolyhedrosis virus and emamectin benzoate. (NPV-1 2 × 109 POBs ml−1, NPV-2 3 × 109 POBs ml−1, NPV-3 4 × 109 POBs ml−1, EM 0.1 ppm)
Treatments | Second instar | Fourth instar | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FSD | LY | ML | FSD | LY | ML | |
NPV-1 | 71.85 ± 2.89b | 79.25 ± 2.59b | 85.18 ± 2.82b | 78.51 ± 2.85b` | 85.18 ± 2.67b | 91.11 ± 3.22ab |
NPV-2 | 63.70 ± 2.53bc | 68.14 ± 2.27bc | 76.29 ± 2.56bc | 69.63 ± 1.95bc | 74.07 ± 2.50bc | 80.74 ± 2.41b |
NPV-3 | 51.85 ± 2.34cd | 59.25 ± 2.19cd | 65.18 ± 1.88cd | 58.51 ± 1.67c | 65.18 ± 1.95cd | 72.59 ± 2.16bc |
EM | 47.40 ± 2.14d | 54.81 ± 1.35d | 61.48 ± 1.73cd | 53.33 ± 1.42c | 60.74 ± 1.71d | 66.66 ± 2.57c |
NPV-1 + EM | 28.88 ± 1.18e | 37.77 ± 1.12be | 43.70 ± 1.42d | 34.81 ± 1.25d | 41.48 ± 1.42be | 48.14 ± 1.67d |
NPV-2 + EM | 9.62 ± 0.25f | 16.29 ± 0.96f | 20.74 ± 1.05e | 17.77 ± 0.98e | 25.18 ± 1.15f | 32.59 ± 1.23e |
NPV-3 + EM | 0.00 ± 0.00g | 2.96 ± 0.27g | 7.40 ± 0.73f | 3.70 ± 0.37f | 8.88 ± 0.71g | 13.33 ± 0.96f |
Control | 94.81 ± 2.97a | 96.29 ± 3.17a | 97.03 ± 3.04a | 95.55 ± 3.26a | 97.03 ± 2.98a | 98.51 ± 2.97a |