In vivo and in vitro assessment of Trichoderma species and Bacillus thuringiensis integration to mitigate insect pests of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)

Nawaz, Ahmad; Gogi, Muhammad Dildar; Naveed, Muhammad; Arshad, Muhammad; Sufyan, Muhammad; Binyameen, Muhammad; Islam, Shams Ul; Waseem, Muhammad; Ayyub, Muhammad Bilal; Arif, Muhammad Jalal; Ali, Habib

doi:10.1186/s41938-020-00258-5

Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control

Table 3 Means population reduction percentage of jassid, aphid, and brinjal shoot and fruit borer after entomopathogen treatments with different time intervals under field conditions (values with different lower case letters shows significant difference at 0.05 significance level)

From: In vivo and in vitro assessment of Trichoderma species and Bacillus thuringiensis integration to mitigate insect pests of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)

Treatments	Jassid				Aphid				Brinjal shoot and fruit borer
	24 h	48 h	72 h	168 h	24 h	48 h	72 h	168 h	24 h	48 h	72 h	168 h
T1	45.68 ± 0.89^gh	47.00 ± 1.26^g	58.33 ± 1.36^e	72.00 ± 2.06^c	32.43 ± 0.40ⁱ	66.82 ± 1.26^d	78.68 ± 0.52^c	87.77 ± 0.86^b	27.11 ± 0.83ⁱ	36.04 ± 0.12^gh	39.00 ± 0.76^gh	57.55 ± 0.89^e
T2	38.46 ± 1.28^hi	40.66 ± 1.35^h	46.66 ± 1.38^g	53.00 ± 1.85^f	33.11 ± 0.40ⁱ	52.12 ± 1.15^f	63.92 ± 0.53^de	71.62 ± 0.85^cd	46.52 ± 0.84^fg	56.60 ± 0.12^e	61.54 ± 0.88^de	87.52 ± 0.79^ab
T3	59.61 ± 1.07^de	62.75 ± 1.77^de	79.33 ± 1.37^b	88.40 ± 1.87^a	47.74 ± 0.41^fg	73.78 ± 1.37^cd	90.17 ± 0.54^ab	95.39 ± 0.87^a	51.72 ± 0.86^f	65.04 ± 0.13^d	85.15 ± 0.77^ab	96.12 ± 0.96^a
T4	33.68 ± 0.78ⁱ	35.00 ± 0.88^hi	46.55 ± 0.55^g	53.00 ± 1.76^f	23.75 ± 1.73^jk	39.39 ± 0.84^h	45.31 ± 0.91^g	62.05 ± 1.76^de	19.67 ± 0.80^k	29.85 ± 0.70^j	30.66 ± 0.72ⁱ	50.74 ± 0.89^g
T5	26.66 ± 0.77^ij	33.66 ± 0.87^hi	40.44 ± 0.54^h	46.00 ± 1.69^g	26.06 ± 1.75^ij	37.23 ± 0.85^h	49.62 ± 0.92^fg	52.79 ± 1.69^f	34.42 ± 0.81ⁱ	48.37 ± 0.72^h	50.93 ± 0.73^g	66.12 ± 0.88^e
T6	40.84 ± 0.79^h	46.66 ± 0.87^g	58.33 ± 0.56^e	70.78 ± 1.66^c	38.57 ± 1.47^h	49.27 ± 0.83^fg	63.31 ± 0.92^de	71.70 ± 1.66^cd	45.76 ± 0.82^h	56.63 ± 0.70^df	74.63 ± 0.72^de	87.70 ± 0.87^c
T7	25.27 ± 0.80^ij	30.00 ± 0.80ⁱ	39.33 ± 0.93^h	47.00 ± 1.24^g	19.15 ± 0.73^k	26.12 ± 0.84^ij	36.94 ± 0.78^h	43.27 ± 0.54^g	24.46 ± 0.88^j	29.00 ± 0.93^hi	32.85 ± 0.65^h	48.30 ± 1.76^fg
T8	19.86 ± 0.81^j	26.66 ± 0.81^ij	31.44 ± 0.93ⁱ	40.33 ± 1.23^h	26.48 ± 0.71^ij	23.96 ± 0.84^jk	36.89 ± 0.78^h	42.35 ± 0.56^g	33.79 ± 0.87^h	42.66 ± 0.92^g	51.73 ± 0.64^f	69.90 ± 1.69^cd
T9	27.24 ± 0.82^ij	41.66 ± 0.82^d	49.00 ± 0.92^fg	61.40 ± 1.32^d	31.69 ± 0.72ⁱ	40.46 ± 0.84^gh	52.72 ± 0.78^f	60.64 ± 0.61^e	38.27 ± 0.89^gh	51.66 ± 0.89^f	69.64 ± 0.66^cd	80.30 ± 1.66^b
T10	5.00 ± 0.80^k	5.00 ± 0.81^k	5.00 ± 1.26^k	5.00 ± 1.40^k	4.66 ± 0.71^l	5.00 ± 0.81^l	5.33 ± 0.93^l	5.00 ± 0.80^l	4.66 ± 0.73^l	5.33 ± 0.91^l	5.00 ± 0.83^l	5.00 ± 0.80^l

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