Table 3 Mean percentage of infested tomato fruits by Helicoverpa armigera larvae during greenhouse experiments. Values represent mean per cent attacked tomato fruits ± standard error (n = 5)

2

Unwashed

0 ± 0^a

1 ± 0.32^b

0 ± 0^a

0 ± 0^a

0 ± 0^a

Washed

0 ± 0^a'

1 ± 0.32^b'

0 ± 0^a'

0 ± 0^a'

0 ± 0^a'

3

Unwashed

0 ± 0^a

2.5 ± 0.5^b

0 ± 0^a

0 ± 0^a

0 ± 0^a

Washed

0 ± 0^a'

2.5 ± 0.5^b'

0 ± 0^a'

0 ± 0^a'

0 ± 0^a'

4

Unwashed

0 ± 0^a

3 ± 0.71^b

0 ± 0^a

2 ± 0.71^b

2 ± 0.45^b

Washed

0 ± 0^a'

3 ± 0.71^b'

0 ± 0^a'

3 ± 0.32^b'

2.5 ± 0.22^b'

5

Unwashed

0 ± 0^a

4 ± 0.63^c

0 ± 0^a

3 ± 0.58^b

2.5 ± 0.22^b

Washed

0 ± 0^a'

3.5 ± 0.5^b'c'

2.5 ± 0.37^b'

4 ± 0.32^c'

3 ± 0.32^b'c'

6

Unwashed

0 ± 0^a

10.5 ± 0.43^c

0 ± 0^a

3.5 ± 0.37^b

3 ± 0.32^b

Washed

0 ± 0^a'

4.5 ± 0.31^c'

3 ± 0.49^b'

4 ± 0.32^c'

3 ± 0.32^b'

7

Unwashed

0 ± 0^a

20 ± 0.71^d

0 ± 0^a

5 ± 0.45^c

3.5 ± 0.22^b

Washed

0 ± 0^a'

20 ± 0.71^d'

3 ± 0.49^b'

5 ± 0.32^c'

3.5 ± 0.22^b'

8

Unwashed

0 ± 0^a

31.5 ± 0.54^d

0 ± 0^a

5 ± 0.45^c

3.5 ± 0.22^b

Washed

0 ± 0^a'

32 ± 0.71^d'

3 ± 0.49^b'

12 ± 0.89^c'

3.5 ± 0.22^b'

9

Unwashed

0 ± 0^a

35 ± 0.71^d

0 ± 0^a

5 ± 0.45^c

3.5 ± 0.22^b

Washed

0 ± 0^a'

40 ± 0.71^d'

3 ± 0.49^b'

19.5 ± 0.66^c'

4 ± 0.32^b'

10

Unwashed

0 ± 0^a

39 ± 0.45^d

0 ± 0^a

5 ± 0.45^c

3.5 ± 0.22^b

Washed

0 ± 0^a'

41 ± 0.58^d'

3 ± 0.49^b'

19.5 ± 0.66^c'

4 ± 0.32^b'